Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that significantly impair daily functioning and quality of life. ADHD symptoms typically manifest in childhood but can persist into adolescence and adulthood.

Inattention symptoms include difficulty sustaining attention on tasks or activities, frequent careless mistakes, trouble organizing tasks, forgetfulness, and being easily distracted. Impulsivity manifests as acting without thinking, interrupting others, difficulty waiting turns, and making impulsive decisions. Hyperactivity symptoms involve excessive fidgeting, restlessness, inability to stay seated, and difficulty engaging in quiet activities.

While the exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, genetics, environmental factors, and brain structure differences are thought to contribute. Neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly involving dopamine and norepinephrine, are also implicated.

Diagnosis of ADHD involves thorough assessment by healthcare professionals, considering symptoms, medical history, and functional impairments. Treatment approaches typically include a combination of behavioral therapy, education, and medication. Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly prescribed to manage symptoms by increasing neurotransmitter levels in the brain.

With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms effectively and lead fulfilling lives. Early intervention and ongoing management are key to improving outcomes and minimizing the impact of ADHD on daily functioning.